Cultivating self-compassion has been shown to positively predict wellbeing (Neff et al., 2007) and greater life satisfaction (Neff et al., 2008), and our findings lend support to this literature. We also know people who are just the opposite: quiet, shy, and reserved. City University of Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong, pp. This aligns with studies pointing to the restorative effect of nature on wellbeing (Korpela and Staats, 2014), and positive associations between wellbeing, mindfulness, and nature connectedness (Capaldi et al., 2014; Howell et al., 2011). All procedures were approved by the University of Melbourne’s Office of Research Ethics and Integrity. Predominant characteristics of high-SPS individuals (e.g., Aron, 1996, 2004, 2011) run counter to broader social discourses around wellbeing that dominate WEIRD cultures such as Australia. When speaking of an individual, the key difference between a feature and a characteristic is that a feature is used to describe a distinctive part of the face, while a characteristic refers to a quality that is typical of an individual. Future studies might benefit from focusing on these elements, identifying for whom, and under what conditions, they are useful. There is a need to better understand how happiness is created and experienced by the large number of people for whom wellbeing manifests in alternative ways. It’s where you wake up every morning and you’ve got so many spoons, and it might take a spoon to have a shower, and a spoon to complete a certain task. Although recent years have expanded wellbeing research and practice worldwide, much of this literature has occurred in what have been called “Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic” (WEIRD) countries, including the US, the UK, and Australia (Henrich et al., 2010a, 2010b). Our participants identified physical health issues, the challenge of saying “no”, and the sense of having too much on one’s plate as barriers to their wellbeing. Counsell Psychol Quarter, Latest Articles(09 July), https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2019.1640186, Leshed G, Sengers P (2011). J Health Soc Behav 43(2):207–222. Thank you for visiting nature.com. We all know certain people who are very extroverted: people who are outgoing, talkative, and sociable. Personality is defined as the characteristic sets of behaviors, cognitions, and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors. Definition of individual difference • Individual differences stand for the variations or deviations among individuals in regard to a single characteristic or a number of characteristics -Carter B. Wellbeing is a growing area of interest worldwide (Delle Fave et al., 2013; Helliwell et al., 2016; The Treasury New Zealand Government, 2019). Culture can be described as “a network of knowledge that is produced, distributed, and reproduced among a collection of interconnected people” (Chiu and Chen, 2004, p. 173). World Happiness Report 2016, Update (vol. Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Good • Individual differences stand for “those differences which in their totality, distinguish one individual from another. Personality and flourishing: exploring Sensory Processing Sensitivity and wellbeing in an Australian adult population (unpublished manuscript)). Half the participants were studying either full-time or part-time, and two thirds of participants were employed in full-time or part-time work. Management means different aspects to different scholars. For example, one participant described feeling very happy to have social connections to “confide in each other and to support my wellbeing,” and another interviewee shared her enjoyment of “sitting quietly and chatting with friends.” Another participant pointed to the significance of her close relationships: “it’s the sharing of life with people who love me, and I love them immensely.” Several participants specifically mentioned having a small, select circle of friends, with one interviewee noting she had “six dear friends.” Another participant pointed to the supportive nature of her friendship circle: “I don’t really like to be around people too much, but I have a close group of friends and they really help me get through life.” Another interviewee spoke of a preference for intimate interactions with friends, sharing “the last few times I’ve been out, it’s been more one-on-one with my friends.”, Notably, even as participants valued social relationships, all 12 interviewees reported that regular experiences of solitude were an important enabler of their wellbeing. J Personal Soc Psychol 83(6):1409–1422, Frawley A (2015) Happiness research: a review of critiques. These findings highlight the advantage of idiographic approaches (like the current study), which can provide valuable insights that are often not seen in quantitative studies. Wellington, NZ: The Treasury New Zealand Government Retrieved from https://treasury.govt.nz/publications/wellbeing-budget/wellbeing-budget-2019-html, Triandis HC, Suh EM (2002) Cultural influences on personality. Many of a learner’s personal characteristics can affect how he or she learns. Our results also align with existing research showing positive associations between self-acceptance and psychological wellbeing (Lindfors et al., 2006; Ryff, 1989a, 2014). Future studies might benefit from considering other characteristics that could impact the experience of, enablers of, and barriers to wellbeing, for individuals who live in non-WEIRD sub-cultures or cultures, and/or for those who do not fit typical conceptualizations of the happy person. Interestingly, all six participants mentioned being among trees as their “go-to” activity, for example, one participant shared how lovely it was walking through a nearby bush track “and looking at the way the leaves move on the trees.” Other participants shared a similar enjoyment of being amongst trees: “I’m still looking up at the trees and being mindful,” and from another: “I’ve got a creek trail behind me and I’ll go into the trees.” However, the theme of solitude permeated several areas, influencing participants’ emotional, cognitive, spiritual, and social/relational wellbeing. Teach Learn Med 27(1):99–104. Palgrave Communications Sage, London, pp. Am J Occup Ther 70(1):1–8, Merton T (1958) Thoughts in solitude. Acknowledging and accepting both good and bad aspects of the self are key attributes of self-acceptance (Ryff, 1989a) and these were reflected in participant reports. Different scholars have defined ethics differently. Attitude: Definition, Nature and Characteristics (Explained) An attitude is a positive, negative, or mixed evaluation of an object expressed at some level of intensity. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, pp. However, our own characteristics develop largely by the support from the environment which we inhabit. Numerous studies find substantial differences across a range of behavioral and cognitive indices between what have been called “Western, Educated, … Such debates highlight the need to advocate for the quieter members of our WEIRD societies—those who fall on the more introverted and sensitive end of these continuums. Annu Rev Psychol 65:719–742, Fudjack SL (2013) Amidst a culture of noise silence is still golden: a sociocultural historical analysis of the pathologization of introversion. While we grouped enablers into different domains (emotional, cognitive, behavioral, social), this is simply for ease of communicating the results. Analysis of participants’ interviews revealed three key themes related to wellbeing: conceptions of wellbeing, how wellbeing is enabled, and barriers of experiencing wellbeing. J Posit Psychol 10(2):141–152, Ryan RM, Deci EL (2017) Self-determination theory. A hierarchical framework of well-being. Psychological Sci 21(11):1563–1569, Galinha IC, Oishi S, Pereira C, Wirtz D, Esteves F (2013) The role of personality traits, attachment style, and satisfaction with relationships in the subjective well-being of Americans, Portuguese, and Mazambicans. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.037, Huppert FA (2014) The state of wellbeing science. It is the supreme realization of the innate habit of a living being. [The nature of the variability in the individual differences of the frequency characteristics of the alpha-rhythm EEG in 6- to 8-year-old children]. Yet the influence of these cultural norms on findings is mostly unacknowledged. The terms "nature" and "nurture" consist of many different subcategories in the field of psychology. The dataset from the 32 themes analyzed in the current study is available at: https://doi.org/10.26188/5e9950060e4d3, Allik J (2005) Personality dimensions across cultures. For example, “there’s like a desire to not be sometimes so sensitive. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Culture creates, defines, and maintains the values, norms, attributes, and behaviors that are seen as appropriate (or not) for a collection of people (Benet-Martínez, 2006). The nature versus nurture debate is about the relative influence of an individual's innate attributes as opposed to the experiences from the environment one is brought up in, in determining individual differences in physical and behavioral traits. Barriers of wellbeing included physical health issues and challenges with saying no to others. You probably know people who are warm and agree… Measuring well-being: a comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. While most of the existing wellbeing models contend that wellbeing is nuanced and multi-dimensional, including eudaimonic and low-arousal dimensions, lay conceptions of—and social norms within—WEIRD societies tend to favor high-arousal emotions (Tsai, 2007), exemplified by extraverted, socially outgoing, high-energy individuals (Allik, 2005; Christopher and Hickinbottom, 2008; Davidson et al., 2015; Frawley, 2015; Fulmer et al., 2010; Lu and Gilmour, 2004; Uchida and Kitayama, 2009). In: Coplan RJ, Bowker JC (eds.) In psychology, these are called individual differences referring to the extent and kind of variations or similarities among people on some of the important psychological aspects such as intelligence, personality, interest, and aptitude. Transl Psychiatry 8(24):1–11. While results cannot be generalized to other groups, the combination of wellbeing contributors and enablers highlight a somewhat unique picture of wellbeing, offering an expanded view of what it means to feel good and function well. Future studies might benefit from further investigating factors that create a sense of overwhelm, and strategies that effectively decrease this sense for different individuals. J Personal Soc Psychol 57(6):1069–1081, Ryff CD (1989b) In the eye of the beholder: views of psychological well-being among middle-aged and older adults. Think for a moment about all of the people that you know. 2. J Posit Psychol, Online(12 July), 1–11. In particular, think about how the people you know differ from each other. We inherit certain characteristics from our parents through genetic codes. The latest and most well known example would be of former President Dr. A.P.J. Aust J Psychol 67(4):214–221, Butler J, Kern ML (2016) The PERMA profiler: a brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. The environment is responsible as how we are reared, the kind of atmosphere at house, whether it is liberal or strict, the type of education that we get, what we learn from people, around us, books, cultural practices, peers, teachers and media. Personal Individ Differences 50(6):822–827. (Master of Arts), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, Gu J, Strauss C, Bond R, Cavanagh K (2015) How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? The characteristics an individual acquires by observing, practicing and learning from others and the surroundings is known as learned characteristics. Clarifying the concept of well-being: psychological need satisfaction as the common core connecting eudaimonic and subjective well-being. PubMed Their basic assumption is that the characteristics of the human species as a whole are a product of evolution and that individual differences are due to each person’s unique genetic code. Cause it does make it hard, compared to some other people, to care less about certain things, and be more confident about certain things.” Another participant shared, “So that’s a challenge that I’ve always dealt with and always thought, well why don’t I have as much consistent energy as other people? Personality and flourishing: exploring Sensory Processing Sensitivity and wellbeing in an Australian adult population (unpublished manuscript)). In: Gruber J, Moskowitz JT (eds.) For instance, studies find that acting in an extraverted manner increases positive affect and happiness levels, even for introverted individuals (Fleeson et al., 2002; Smillie et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2017; Zelenski et al., 2012). For ten interviewees, their first awareness of SPS was through participation in the broader Wellbeing and Highly Sensitive Person study (Black and Kern, 2020. In: Robins RW, Fraley C, Krueger RF (Eds.) https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268019880886, Mathews G (2012) Happiness, culture, and context. Nature and Nurture. As of today, there is still no consensus regarding the characteristics of competent leaders. The current study aimed to investigate how high-SPS individuals living within an extravert-dominant social context conceive of and experience wellbeing. As Hefferon et al. PubMed Google Scholar. Sustainable Development Solutions Network, New York, Hendriks T, Warren MA, Schotanus-Dijkstra M, Hassankhan A, Graafsma T, Bohlmeijer ET, de Jong J (2019) How WEIRD are positive psychology interventions? 170–189, Bharara G, Duncan S, Jarden A, Hinckson E (2019) A prototype analysis of New Zealnd adolescents’ conceptualizaations of wellbeing. Personality can be defined as a set of characteristics or traits that drive individual differences in human behavior. 227–247, DeNeve KM, Cooper H (1998) The happy personality: a meta analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Interestingly, interview participants mostly did not explicitly mention feeling a mismatch between their innate sensitivity and the surrounding extravert-centric culture. These are fundamental determinants of our perceptions of and actions toward all aspects of our social environment. Our findings can help to normalize a sensitive orientation and offer some measure of validation to high-SPS individuals who live within WEIRD countries. Google Scholar, The Treasury New Zealand Government. To obtain While our results cannot be generalized across broader populations, they suggest that to capture a full range of individual experiences, measures should include both high- and low-valence emotions, and not assume that a person lacks wellbeing simply because they are not excited, enthusiastic or joyful. J Res Personal 41(4):908–916, Nguyen TT, Ryan RM, Deci EL (2018) Solitude as an approach to affective self-regulation. Participants were able to choose a suitable interview time via a secure online scheduling application, and informed consent was obtained before starting and recording each interview. These behavioral activities included exercise or movement, contemplative practices, and connecting with nature. For instance, one interviewee described not being able to take on more things, but still agreeing to help friends or family at a personal cost: “I maybe have to sacrifice my sleeping time, or I forget eating sometimes.” Another participant shared: “the only time I won’t say no when I really want to, is if it’s related to the kids.” One interviewee explained how saying “no” also involved saying “no” or “not yet” to herself: “I’m interested in a million different things and it’s really hard […] for me to say to myself well I can put that on my list, this isn’t the right time to do it, let’s just wait, stay focused.”, Participants also noted a variety of other barriers. For example when we think about their physical appearance, we often ask ourselves why some people have dark or fair complexion, why some people are tall and some are short, why some are thin and why some are very fat. These perceived barriers are not unique to high-SPS individuals, especially the sense of feeling overwhelmed from too much to do (e.g., Bellezza et al., 2017; Leshed and Sengers, 2011; Skinner and Pocock, 2008). Associations between wellbeing and personality have long been recognized. (2019). From a biological perspective, these traits can be traced back to brain structures and neural mechanisms. Just as introversion is not highly valued in WEIRD cultures (Fulmer et al., 2010), sensitivity is not highly valued (Aron, 1996, 2004), and high-SPS individuals living in Australia might feel a mismatch between their innate attributes and the culture in which they live (Aron, 2011). Do individual differences also matter in negotiation, and if so, how do they play out? 265-286. We suggest that the results provide key insights into how individuals live well, within the context of friction between their natural personality and the social, cultural, and historic context in which they live. As summarized in Table 1, 32 dimensions were identified. In: Willig C, Stainton-Rogers W (eds.) PsyArXiv Database [Preprint], Dec 31. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5rhqj, Disabato DJ, Goodman FR, Kashdan TB, Short JL, Jarden A (2016) Different types of well-being? Our inheritance alone cannot decide what we become but our environment also contributes. This study investigated one such manifestation—the personality trait of sensory processing sensitivity (SPS)—qualitatively investigating how sensitive individuals experience and cultivate wellbeing within a WEIRD society. Such studies often generalize findings, assuming universal notions of wellbeing (Zevnik, 2014), without recognizing the surrounding culture that values a particular type of wellbeing—one that does not apply to everyone within that culture (Christopher, 1999). By ‘consistent’, we mean that people tend to show regularity in their behaviour and their patterns of behaviour do not change very frequently. Girls often perform better on verbal tests but less well on math. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Cummins RA (1998) The second approximation to an international standard for life satsifaction. Black, B.A., Kern, M.L. For example, one participant noted “every day I try to do something—it’s exercise or coming home and reading a book.” Another noted: “I do craft stuff at night. Personal Individ Differences 101:515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.298, Smith JA (1996) Beyond the divide between cognition and discourse: using interpretative phenomenological analysis in health psychology. Individual differences can be divided into two categories: personality differences capacity
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